When considering the very difficult option of bankruptcy, one of the first decisions to make is whether to file for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13. Although the rules differ from state to state, the basic differences between the two are the same everywhere, as filing always takes place in Federal Bankruptcy Court.
A little Internet research will give you the basic rules in your state, but in general, there are two major categories of bankruptcy: Chapter 7 and Chapter 13. The former is the more traditional type, usually referred to as “liquid” or “straight” bankruptcy. Filing for this ensures that all debts, except child support, student loans, alimony and taxes are forgiven.
One of the most common reasons for selecting this option is losing long-term employment. In the current economy, someone who has recently lost a job often struggles to obtain a comparable job and turns to credit cards and savings to pay bills – which leaves someone with little to no options. Other instances such as death of the family bread winner, divorce and high medical bills are also common reasons for someone to consider or follow through with Chapter 7. Needless to say, although it’s possible for a layman to deal successfully with the complicated paperwork and legalities involved in the process, consulting with a bankruptcy attorney is highly advisable before filing, if only to ensure not losing more than is absolutely necessary.
Chapter 7 involves the debtor selling their nonexempt assets and utilizing the proceeds from the sales to repay debts. It is important to note that in order to qualify for this option, you must calculate your “current monthly income,” which is actually the applicant’s average income over the last six months. If this number is higher than the median income for a family of your size in your state, you will not be eligible to file.
A Chapter 13 bankruptcy, on the other hand, does not require that you relinquish anything. Instead, you will be expected to repay your debts through use of a structured plan which must be approved at a bankruptcy court hearing, attended by your creditors. This option is advised if you’ve simply fallen behind and your debt has overwhelmed your available funds. This kind of bankruptcy is basically a promise to pay your creditors according to a schedule agreed upon at the hearing.
If you are employed and can depend on a regular income, Chapter 13 is probably the best way to go. In most states, if things take a turn for the worst down the road, you can always resort to Chapter 7 if you have been unable to meet the repayment schedule within five years after filing.
Again, keep in mind that your state may have more or less restrictive laws concerning the details of either type of filing, so although it’s possible to wend your own way through the maze of legalities, you are always much better served by consulting with an attorney rather than trying to do it yourself.